The foot is a complex structure composed of 26 bones, 33 joints, and more than 100 muscles, tendons, and ligaments, all working together to support weight, maintain balance, and facilitate movement. It consists of three main sections: the forefoot (metatarsals and toes), the midfoot (cuboid, navicular, and cuneiform bones), and the hindfoot (talus and calcaneus). The foot arches (medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse) provide shock absorption and contribute to its flexibility and adaptability on various surfaces. Key muscles like the intrinsic muscles of the foot, as well as the extrinsic muscles from the leg, control movement and stability. The foot’s intricate neurovascular network, including branches of the tibial and peroneal arteries and nerves, ensures sensory perception and motor function. This anatomical complexity enables the foot to perform precise movements and bear weight effectively during daily activities and athletic endeavors.
Foot sonoanatomy involves using ultrasound to examine the detailed structures of the foot, offering real-time visualization and assessment. This imaging technique allows for the evaluation of various components such as bones (including the metatarsals, tarsal bones, and phalanges), joints (such as the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints), ligaments tendons and and surrounding soft tissues. Ultrasound is particularly valuable for diagnosing conditions such as plantar fasciopathy , Morton’s neuroma, and joint effusions. By providing clear visualization and precise localization of anatomical structures and pathological changes, ultrasound aids in accurate diagnosis and guides appropriate treatment strategies for foot-related disorders.
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